降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验，研究不同降雨强度下，不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°，降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1；耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕，以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大，各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上，最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著，当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时，坡地产沙量显著增大；（2）与平整坡地相比，等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益，减流量均大于15%，而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显；（3）在5°坡地上，等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%，而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显；在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时，人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律，在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时，3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见，水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用，而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异，在大坡度和大降雨强度下，不仅不能降低坡地产沙，反而加剧坡地土壤流失。     

轻钢结构抗震节能体系在“塞上农民新居”中的应用

针对宁夏地区农民传统住宅抗震性差，建筑外围护结构保温性能差，采暖系统能源消耗量大，环境污染严重等问题，提出采用轻钢结构配以轻质保温板材的轻钢结构抗震节能体系，以期为宁夏农村住宅设计提供指导性建议。     

不同光质对豇豆幼苗光合特性和若干生理生化指标的影响

在南方设施栽培环境条件下,以矮生豇豆为试材,研究不同光质(红光、蓝光、绿光、白光)对叶片光合特性及生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,红光处理有利于叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、可溶性糖含量的提高,而蓝光处理则有利于类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量的提高.不同光质处理豇豆叶片的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈...     

1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7快速液态发酵优化工艺研究

本试验以1株饲用益生菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B7，B.amyloliquefaciens B7）为研究对象，为了增强其在液态条件下的发酵水平，提高其芽孢发酵工艺优化效率，拟采用测定芽孢吡啶二羧酸（dipicolonic acid，DPA）浓度的方法来代替传统的平板芽孢计数法，以探讨此测定方法在芽孢发酵优化工艺中的可行性。首先，通过单因素试验筛选出对菌株产孢有显著促进作用的因子，进一步通过正交优化试验确定蛋白胨、玉米粉、大米蛋白粉和Mn²⁺组合的最优水平。结果表明，发酵液中的芽孢浓度与测定的DPA荧光强度呈线性相关，在蛋白胨20 g/L、玉米粉10 g/L、大米蛋白粉20 g/L、Mn²⁺1.0 mmol/L时发酵48 h，检测到DPA荧光强度达到最大，其相应的芽孢浓度达到7.0×10⁹ CFU/mL。与实验室常用的LB培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了3.3倍；与工业生产用培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了2.2倍。本研究为芽孢杆菌发酵过程中芽孢浓度测定提供了一种快速方法，为工业菌株B.amyloliquefaciens B7的发酵提供了一种成分简单且高产芽孢的培养基。     

基于北斗船位数据灯光罩网渔船作业状态特征的提取和验证

为研究一种使用北斗船位数据提取灯光罩网渔船的作业状态特征的方法,选取桂北渔36288、61999、62666和68209四艘灯光罩网渔船2017年的北斗船位数据,使用阈值综合判别的方法判断渔船作业的状态,通过航速、水深和时间区间的阈值判别渔船作业状态的船位点,利用船位分析软件(AST)提取渔船的作业天数、作业日期、作业时长以及对应的作业位置信息,并与实际填写的渔捞日志数据进行对比验证。结果显示:提取的结果和实际记录的结果误差较小,其中作业天数每月差值在0～3 d以内;对应的作业日期准确率在94.45%以上;作业时长每日最大误差不超过2.4 h,最小误差为0 h,总平均误差为1.49 h,且提取的作业时长和渔获率存在明显的显著性差异,相关系数r=0.512(P0.01);作业距离差值较小,总体在50 km以内。因此可以确定,本研究根据北斗船位数据提取灯光罩网渔船作业状态特征的方法可靠,具有较大的实用性和现实性意义。     

基于粒子图像测速的坡面流水动力学特性

粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)技术具有多点同时测量、对水流无干扰的优点,该研究利用高分辨率PIV(分辨率为64 pixels/mm),测量了7组坡面流(水深范围为0.5～1.1 cm,雷诺数范围为1 000～3 000),并测量1组深水明渠紊流作为对照,研究了流速轮廓线和修正系数、紊动强度和雷诺应力、偏态系数和峰度系数的变化规律。结果表明:1)PIV能够有效观测坡面流床面至水面的流速分布。当坡面流流态为过渡流时,流速修正系数随着雷诺数的增加呈对数增加,均值为0.77;2)对比深水明渠紊流的紊动强度,坡面流的流向紊动强度较大,而垂向紊动强度较小,且随着水深及雷诺数的增加,坡面流紊动强度逐渐与深水明渠紊流的特征吻合。深水明渠紊流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比约80%,而坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比小于80%,随着雷诺数的增加坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比变大;3)对比深水明渠紊流的峰度系数,坡面流的峰度系数大部分大于3,表明坡面流较深水明渠紊流出现极端流速事件的概率小。PIV技术有利于实验室研究坡面水力侵蚀的力学机理机制问题。     

Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

光胁迫对沙冬青叶绿素荧光特征和光呼吸的影响

使用LI-6400测定乌兰布和沙漠东北缘的沙冬青在不同光合有效辐射下的叶绿素荧光特征和光呼吸变化,进而研究其光破坏防御特征的变化。结果表明,PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)可作为衡量沙冬青光胁迫程度大小指标,有效光化学量子产量(Fv′/Fm′)、总光合速率(Pt)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、光呼吸速率(Rp)和Rp/Pt等指标的光进程曲线临界点值和临界点光强度与Fv/Fm的关系都具有明显的规律性。随着Fv/Fm降低,光胁迫程度增加,导致沙冬青光胁迫的最小光合有效辐射降低。可见,沙冬青光破坏防御的一种策略是在胁迫程度较小时通过提高热耗散和光呼吸相对比值(Rp/Pt)来消耗过剩能量,而在胁迫程度较大时可通过增加抑制热耗散和光呼吸的光合有效辐射实现对过剩光能的消耗。     

Vitamin C in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) flower buds as affected by postharvest light,UV-B irradiation and temperature

In this study, the changes in vitamin C, l-ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels in broccoli flower buds were examined during pre-storage and storage periods, simulating refrigerated transport with wholesale distribution and retail, respectively. Broccoli heads were pre-stored for 4 or 7 days at 0 °C or 4 °C in the dark and then stored for 3 days at 10 °C or 18 °C. During storage the broccoli heads were exposed for 12 h per day to three different levels of visible light (13, 19 or 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or a combination of visible light (19 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and UV-B irradiation (20 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹), or they were stored in the dark. The vitamin C content in broccoli flower buds during storage was significantly affected by pre-storage period and temperature. Higher vitamin C levels in flower buds after storage were observed for broccoli heads pre-stored for 4 days or at 0 °C as compared to those pre-stored for 7 days or at 4 °C. Storage temperature also affected vitamin C in broccoli flower buds, with higher levels observed for broccoli stored at 10 °C than at 18 °C. Hence, vitamin C in broccoli flower buds was demonstrated to decrease together with increasing pre-storage period, pre-storage temperature and storage temperature. AA in broccoli flower buds was influenced mainly by storage temperature and to a minor extent by pre-storage temperature. The DHA level and DHA/AA ratio were stable in flower buds of broccoli pre-stored for 7 days, whereas increasing tendencies for both DHA level and ratio were observed after pre-storage for 4 days. These results indicate a shift in the ascorbate metabolism in broccoli flower buds during storage at low temperatures, with its higher rate observed for broccoli pre-stored for shorter time. There were no effects of the light and UV-B irradiation treatments on vitamin C, AA and DHA levels in broccoli flower buds.